Phonology
Phonology is the study of the sound features used in a language to communicate meaning. In English these features include phonemes, word stress, sentence stress and intonation.
Phoneme
A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound that has meaning in a language. For example, the s in books in English shows that something is plural, so the sound /s/ has meaning.
Phonemic symbol
The phoneme of a language can be represented by phonemic symbols.
Each phonemic symbol represents only one phoneme (unlike the letters of the alphabet).
Phonemic symbols help the reader know exactly what the correct pronunciation is.
There are several phonemic scripts and some small differences in the symbol they use. TKT uses symbols from the International Phonemic Alphabet (IPA).
Word stress
Part of the word which we say with greater energy.
In dictionary entries it can be shown as ´ or _ or °
We pronounce the other syllables with less energy, especially the unstressed or weak syllables, whose vowels get shortened or sometimes even disappear, e.g. the last sound in important.
Sentence stress
Stress also influences how sentences and incomplete sentences are pronounced.
We say different parts of the sentence with more or less stress.
One word in the sentence has main stress (the word which the speaker thinks is the most important to the meaning of the sentence).
Connected speech
Spoken language in which all the words join to make a connected stream of sounds.
Rhythm
It refers to the pattern of stress of speech.
English rhythm is stress timing: Regular pauses, and between the pauses we pack as many words as we can. Spanish rhythm is syllable timing: Each syllable is stressed.
Intonation
Movement of the level of the voice, i.e. the tune of a sentence or a group of words.
We use intonation to express emotions and attitudes.
To emphasize or make less important particular things we are saying.
To signal to others the function of what we are saying.
To show whether we are asking a question or making a statement.
Intonation is the music of Language.
It is the oral equivalent of written pronunciation.
It has a definite effect on meaning and gives us information on the speaker's attitude.
Minimal pair
Words distinguished by only one phoneme, e.g. thing and think, chip and ship
Important concepts:
Learners of English need to be able to understand a wide variety of accents, as English becomes more and more a global language.
As pronunciation communicates so much of our meaning, producing sounds in a way that can be widely understood is extremely important.
Phonology is the study of the sound features used in a language to communicate meaning. In English these features include phonemes, word stress, sentence stress and intonation.
Phoneme
A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound that has meaning in a language. For example, the s in books in English shows that something is plural, so the sound /s/ has meaning.
Phonemic symbol
The phoneme of a language can be represented by phonemic symbols.
Each phonemic symbol represents only one phoneme (unlike the letters of the alphabet).
Phonemic symbols help the reader know exactly what the correct pronunciation is.
There are several phonemic scripts and some small differences in the symbol they use. TKT uses symbols from the International Phonemic Alphabet (IPA).
Word stress
Part of the word which we say with greater energy.
In dictionary entries it can be shown as ´ or _ or °
We pronounce the other syllables with less energy, especially the unstressed or weak syllables, whose vowels get shortened or sometimes even disappear, e.g. the last sound in important.
Sentence stress
Stress also influences how sentences and incomplete sentences are pronounced.
We say different parts of the sentence with more or less stress.
One word in the sentence has main stress (the word which the speaker thinks is the most important to the meaning of the sentence).
Connected speech
Spoken language in which all the words join to make a connected stream of sounds.
Rhythm
It refers to the pattern of stress of speech.
English rhythm is stress timing: Regular pauses, and between the pauses we pack as many words as we can. Spanish rhythm is syllable timing: Each syllable is stressed.
Intonation
Movement of the level of the voice, i.e. the tune of a sentence or a group of words.
We use intonation to express emotions and attitudes.
To emphasize or make less important particular things we are saying.
To signal to others the function of what we are saying.
To show whether we are asking a question or making a statement.
Intonation is the music of Language.
It is the oral equivalent of written pronunciation.
It has a definite effect on meaning and gives us information on the speaker's attitude.
Minimal pair
Words distinguished by only one phoneme, e.g. thing and think, chip and ship
Important concepts:
Learners of English need to be able to understand a wide variety of accents, as English becomes more and more a global language.
As pronunciation communicates so much of our meaning, producing sounds in a way that can be widely understood is extremely important.
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